General chemistry 8th edition - solution manual

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Selected Solution Manual for Chemistry, 8th Edition. Because all numbers when solving the equation are exact numbers, the calculated temperatures are also exact numbers. Therefore, is the unit con- 50 o X version between a degree on the X scale to a degree on the Celsius scale. The data are not precise enough to determine. Both have the same mass of 1.

Same; both represent Same; both volumes are 1. The same mass of gas occupies a volume that is over 10, times larger than the liquid sample. Gases are indeed mostly empty space. A gas has molecules that are very far apart from each other, whereas a solid or liquid has molecules that are very close together. An element has the same type of atom, whereas a compound contains two or more different elements.

Picture i represents an element that exists as two atoms bonded together like H2 or O2 or N2. Pictures iii and iv contain representations of elements that exist as individual atoms like Ar, Ne, or He. Picture iv represents a gaseous compound.

Note that pictures ii and iii also contain a gaseous compound, but they also both have a gaseous element present. Picture vi represents a mixture of two gaseous elements. Picture v represents a solid element. Pictures ii and iii both represent a mixture of a gaseous element and a gaseous compound. Solid: rigid; has a fixed volume and shape; slightly compressible Liquid: definite volume but no specific shape; assumes shape of the container; slightly Compressible Gas: no fixed volume or shape; easily compressible Pure substance: has constant composition; can be composed of either compounds or ele- ments Element: substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.

Compound: a substance that can be broken down into simpler substances elements by chemical processes. Homogeneous mixture: a mixture of pure substances that has visibly indistinguishable parts. Heterogeneous mixture: a mixture of pure substances that has visibly distinguishable parts. Physical change: changes the form g, l, or s of a substance but does no change the chemical composition of the substance.

Homogeneous: Having visibly indistinguishable parts the same throughout. Heterogeneous: Having visibly distinguishable parts not uniform throughout. Water H2O is a compound because it is made up of two or more different elements. Table salt is usually a homogeneous mixture composed mostly of sodium chloride NaCl , but will usually contain other substances that help absorb water vapor an anticaking agent. Initially, a mixture is present. The magnesium and sulfur have only been placed together in the same container at this point, but no reaction has occurred.

When heated, a reaction occurs. Assuming the magnesium and sulfur had been measured out in exactly the correct ratio for complete reaction, the remains after heating would be a pure compound composed of magnesium and sulfur.

However, if there were an excess of either magnesium or sulfur, the remains after reaction would be a mixture of the compound produced and the excess reactant. Chalk is a compound because it loses mass when heated and appears to change into another substance with different physical properties the hard chalk turns into a crumbly substance. Because vaporized water is still the same substance as solid water H2O , no chemical reaction has occurred.

Sublimation is a physical change. A chemical change is a change in which a given substance is converted into another substance having a different formula composition.

Vaporization refers to a liquid converting to a gas, so this is a physical change. The formula composition of the moth ball does not change. This is a chemical change since hydrofluoric acid HF is reacting with glass SiO2 to form new compounds that wash away. This is a physical change because all that is happening during the boiling process is the conversion of liquid alcohol to gaseous alcohol.

The alcohol formula C2H5OH does not change. This is a chemical change since the acid is reacting with cotton to form new compounds.

Distillation separates components of a mixture, so the orange liquid is a mixture has an average color of the yellow liquid and the red solid. Distillation utilizes boiling point differences to separate out the components of a mixture. Distillation is a physical change because the components of the mixture do not become different compounds or elements. Decomposition is a type of chemical reaction.

The crystalline solid is a compound, and decomposition is a chemical change where new substances are formed. Tea is a mixture of tea compounds dissolved in water. The process of mixing sugar into tea is a physical change. Additional Exercises The object that sinks has a greater density than water and the object that floats has a smaller density than water.

Since both objects have the same mass, the sphere that sinks must have the smaller volume which makes it more dense. Therefore, the object that floats has the larger volume along with the greater diameter.

Because each pill is 4. Note that pills is assumed to be an exact number. No; if the volumes were the same, then the gold idol would have a much greater mass because gold is much more dense than sand. A chemical change involves the change of one or more substances into other substances through a reorganization of the atoms. A physical change involves the change in the form of a substance, but not its chemical composition. If this is the case, then the answer to part b is 1. The actual error limit to the answer is better than this, so we should use the more precise way of expressing the answer.